Evaluation of Three Phenotypic Tests vs. Duplex (coa & mecA) PCR for Detection of Methicillin-Resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and S. epidermidis (MRSE) Strains from Patients with Nosocomial Infections (NI) in Several Mexican Hospitals | Chapter 12 | Recent Advances in Biological Research Vol. 2
Background:
Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and Staphylococcus epidermidis are a leading cause
of hospital acquired infections worldwide. Epidemiological features have also
changed in Mexican hospitals and either methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus
aureus (MRSA) or Staphylococcus epidermidis (SERM) infections appear to be an
emerging phenomenon.
Aims:
The first aim of the present study was to detect the amplification of both
pairs, coa and mecA genes by duplex PCR in MRSA from Mexican patients with NI
and the comparison of these results versus three routinely phenotypic
MRSA-detection methods.The second aim of this study was to apply duplex PCR to
exclusively detect the same pair of genes for MRSA or MRSE strains from
patients with NI in several national hospitals.
Place
and Duration of Study: Department of Public Health, Faculty
of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) in collaboration
with six General Hospitals belonging to the Health Care & Social Services
Institute for Workers (ISSSTE), the first one HGC (Hospital Gonzálo Castañeda
Escobar), during a year span of August of 2004 to December of 2005, the second
study was performed through an extension of a collaborative study of the five
hospitals (CMN20N; FQG; LALM; GIZ & 1°Oct), during a year period of May of
2012 through November of 2013 and the seventh hospital from the third
collaboration study through the National Institute of Perinatology (INPer),
during a time period of August of 2012 through December of 2013.
Methodology:
Among SA from HGC (n=100) strains isolated from patients with NI, 40% were
MRSA. All SA strains were tested by various methods: cefoxitin (Cfx)
disk-diffusion assay (DD), automated MicroScan System (MS), Oxacillin (Ox)
(range 0.5 - 4.0 µg/ml) minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), PBP2a latex
agglutination test (LA) (Oxoid) and the molecular amplification by PCR of the
coa and mecA genes. SA strains were previously identified by MS, and both the tube
coagulase (TCT) and mannitol (MT) tests. From the second and third
collaborative study, a total of 345 staphylococci strains were isolated from
ISSSTE´s hospitals and INPer´s hospitals,129 SA strains from ISSSTE and 246 SE
strains from INPer. These clinical (SA or SE) strains were first phenotypical
characterized in both health institutions and immediately after were
molecularly characterized by Duplex PCR detection of species-specific and
antibiotic-resistance genes, in the Public Health Laboratory at UNAM.
Results:
Out of 100 SA strains from HGC, 35 were confirmed as MRSA isolates by detection
of mecA gene by PCR in addition to only 5 strains verified phenotypically but
coa gen negative. These 35 MRSA strains and 53 mecA gen negative isolates, as
well as 5 strains phenotypically characterized (MSSA) from NI, were assayed
with all 3 laboratory tests. Only 2 clinical strains were negative to both
genes: coa & mecA, but positive to all phenotypic tests. Using mecA as a
gold standard (GS), category agreement for the 3 tests was: A method with
higher sensitivity (SN) and specificity (SP) (SN/SP) was Cfx-DD (100/88) than
other 2 methods Ox-MS (90/73) and LA (63/90). Using coa gene as a GS, category
agreement for MS, and both TCT & MT were: 93/100, 95/98, and 91/98,
respectively. From the second and third collaborative study, out of 129 SA
strains from ISSSTE and INPer, 93% were detected by PCR as coa+, therefore 93%
(120/129) of these strains were confirmed as SA. Out of 120 SA strains, 88%
(106/120) were confirmed as mecA+ by PCR detection, therefore these strains are
MRSA. Out of 41 SA strains from INPer, 90% (37/41) were confirmed as SA and
from these strains only 43% (16/37) were confirmed positive for mecA+ therefore
these strains are MRSA. As a result of third collaboration study (INPer), out
of 226 SE strains, only 90% (203/226) were confirmed by PCR as coa- and 85%
(172/202) of these strains were detected by PCR as mecA+, therefore these
strains are MRSE.
Conclusions:
Molecular detection by PCR-duplex of specie specific coa genes and antibiotic
resistance mecA genes by duplex PCR in MRSA and MRSE strains, is a very useful
and powerful method to rapid and precisely discriminate typical MRSA and MRSE
strains in the laboratory. A Cfx-DD test performed much better for detection of
MRSA strains than those using OX-MS and LA. Both assays, Cfx-DD and PCR-duplex,
represent a simple, rapid, reliable approaches for the detection of methicillin
resistant staphylococci and could be applied to all national hospitals, to
implement fast and adequate anti-MRSA and anti-MRSE therapy. Higher percentages
of MRSA strains (88% vs. 43%) were isolated from ISSSTE´s hospitals than in
INPer´s hospitals, could be due to the age of patients studied, mainly neonates
from INPer than older patients from ISSSTE´s hospitals.
Biography of author(s)
Rubén Morelos-Ramírez
Department of Public Health,
Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av.
Universidad #3000, Coyoacán, 4510, México D. F, México
Roberto Cabrera-Contreras
Department of Public Health,
Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av.
Universidad #3000, Coyoacán, 4510, México D. F, México.
Enrique Meléndez-Herrada
Department of Public Health,
Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av.
Universidad #3000, Coyoacán, 4510, México D. F, México.
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