B P International

  State agencies are among the most significant entities that represent the public's needs, and their programmes are essential to a state's and the nation's economic growth and development. State agencies have been rife by public concerns for years, as demonstrated by the Public Complaints Bureau, as problems of inefficiency in service quality and delivery have yet to meet the public's standards. With the support of 15 employees from state agencies on Malaysia's east coast, this study aims to achieve three targets. The first and second objectives are to investigate the ties between leader-member exchange (LMX) and OCB empowerment. The final aim is to define the most significant factors that affect OCB willingness. A total of 288 people took part in the survey, which was conducted using a cluster sampling process. The survey items had achieved the necessary reliability, according to the pilot test results, and some sub-dimensions were renamed after factor analysis.

In the field of health psychology, the convergence of science, theory, and experience is important. For both clinicians and trainees, the ability to perform and understand research, test theories, analyse methods and theoretical models, and then apply these results to clinical practise is as critical as it is difficult. The aim of this book is to include some helpful guidance on how to perform evidence-based practise in various settings and using various methods. The biopsychosocial model, which is at the core of Health Psychology, is also explored, as well as its role in health and illness. The book delves into topics like stress and pain management, as well as critical current health concerns like stigma and the role of health care practitioners in public health promotion. Since health psychology is a relatively new discipline with a wide variety of applications, we hope that this book will provide students, trainees, and clinicians with a good understanding of the field as well as

  The growth of economies is based on the amount of money spent on scientific research; to understand this, look at the percentage of money spent on scientific research in many developed countries. So, scientific research expenses account for 3.013 percent of overall expenditures in Iraq, 2.63 percent in the United States, 1.97 percent in China, and 0.96 percent in South Africa, although there is no clear budget for scientific research in Iraq. Scientific research is an attempt to solve a problem, whether it is an intellectual, scientific, or philosophical problem, by submitting alternative scenarios or hypotheses that eventually result in added value. This added value would support many facets of society, including agriculture, manufacturing, serving goods, and serving the wellbeing of every society, as seen in the early months of 2020. This study focuses on the importance of community collaborations in promoting research and development in research institutes for the purpose of servi

  In the last 20 years, participatory planning has become a common planning process. Participatory planning aids efficient growth in developing countries with wide areas, such as Indonesia, by providing direction on the independence of tourism development activities. By observing literature reviews from many previous studies, this study used a qualitative approach. The position of participatory planning is divided into three categories in this study: concepts, empowerment, and community involvement. The group only adds ideas to the growth agenda when it comes to engagement in ideas. At the level of empowerment, the community contributes to the growth of human capital and community engagement, allowing them to contribute to the advancement of the community's economy. Furthermore, a community serves as an agency that oversees the management of attractions and the upkeep of facilities in order to facilitate tourism growth. Author (s) Details Boby Rahman Affiliation Urban Regional

  Visiting spas and health tourism centres has become a new social trend among Malaysian health tourists. Facts show that the number of spas and health centres is rising year after year, and that safe lifestyle habits are generally recognised around the world. Individual health and well-being issues are one of the main factors pushing the spa and health industries out of business. The aim of this chapter is to review the research on the factors that affect tourists' desire to visit spa and health tourism destinations. According to research, there would be a strong link between relaxation and relief, health and beauty, escape and self-development, and tourist motivation. The findings of this study are expected to fill a void in the literature by expanding existing information on Spa motivation and educating the public about skilled service delivery. Author (s) Details Dr. Nik Alif Amri Nik Hashim Faculty of Hospitality, Tourism and Wellness, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Malaysia

  Tourists and the tourism industry both need protection and security. The nature and level of safety and security associated with the destination is one aspect that affects travel intentions. The picture of a globally known important destination is also used as a key factor for local tourists when selecting a vacation destination, according to tourism literature. The main aim of this research is to decide which cognitive image dimensions influence tourists' willingness to visit Sabah. A total of 362 questionnaires were provided to prospective foreign tourists who had never visited Sabah previously. The sample profile was defined using descriptive analysis. The basic dimensions of the cognitive image were established using exploratory factor analysis. Natural environment, appealing behaviours, desirable situations, and critical state are the four key dimensions of the cognitive picture defined using this approach. Based on the findings, recommendations are made for developing strat

  Weeds have always been and will continue to be a major issue in oil palm production, especially in young fields. Weed management activities, understanding, and perceptions of the effects of weedicide use on the environment were examined among oil palm farmers. The information was gathered from oil palm farmers in the Denkyembour District of Ghana's Eastern Region. A total of 130 private and independent small-scale oil palm farmers were deliberately selected and interviewed from the communities. For this study, the purposive sampling technique was used to classify farmers who use herbicides on their farms. The farmers' data was obtained using an interview schedule. The knowledge obtained was analysed using descriptive statistics. Farmers used a wide range of weedicides, according to the results. The respondents displayed a high degree of understanding of the risks associated with weedicide use. Glyphosate-based weedicides were used by the majority of respondents (92%) for herb

  In an incomplete competition setting, this study examines the efficacy of ambient charges under non-point source (NPS) pollutions. To this end, it constructs a one-stage game and a two-stage game in which Bertrand duopolistic firms choose their best prices and abatement technologies, respectively, following Ganguli and Raju [1]. In both games, it is shown that increasing the ambient charge decreases emissions. This finding implies that, even in a duopoly Bertrand market, the ambient charge can be an effective way to regulate NPS pollutions. Author (s) Details Akio Matsumoto Department of Economics, International Center for further Development of Dynamic Economic Research, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan. Keiko Nakayama Department of Economics, Chukyo University, Nagoya, Japan. Ferenc Szidarovszky Department of Mathematics, Corvinus University, Budapest, Hungary. View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/IEAM-V6/issue/view/40

The degree to which HRM activities are able to cultivate an emotional connection between firms and employee goals is referred to as organisational engagement. The aim of this study was to look into the nature of the connection between HRM practises and organisational commitment in Ghana's banking industry. The researchers looked at six HRM activities in five commercial banks in Ghana, using Allen and Meyer's three-component model as the underlying principle of organisational engagement. A descriptive with multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate the current relationship between HRM activities and organisational engagement, using the quantitative method of study. Affective and normative forms of commitment were favoured over continuance forms of commitment, according to the results of the study. While the affective and normative commitments of respondents included performance-based compensation, contact and information sharing, training and growth, and rewards and recog

Since 1980, the social housing market in the United Kingdom has undergone substantial transformation. The incorporation of market forces into the arena of public service provision under the economic and political philosophy of Neoliberalism has resulted in the evolution of a dynamic operating climate for Social Housing Providers (SHPs). These organisations must operate as corporations and face the difficulties of operating as self-contained, state-regulated entities. They will borrow money on the private sector to fund their operations and diversify their operations in order to pursue new revenue sources. It is expected that they will run their companies efficiently and effectively, providing healthy homes for their customers. SHPs are supposed to serve a social function in addition to working along business lines by providing accommodation for those in society who cannot afford housing through the market system. SHPs have had to act as enterprises and contend with the pressures of bei

This exploratory research uses a skills approach to determine the empowerment of female tea garden workers. Employers prefer women to pick tea leaves because they are more professional and less costly than men. This research is being carried out in Dholdoli, a tea estate in Sylhet. Empowerment is found to be positive in the majority of cases, according to this report. Apart from reviewing applicable literature and previous research papers, the study relies heavily on primary field data. The qualitative data for this analysis was gathered through an in-depth interview method of research. The tea garden has been carefully chosen. The study included a range of research participants, including employees, management staffs, employers, union representatives, consumers, and other local stakeholders, in order to collect qualitative data. The research will predominantly concentrate on in-depth interviewing strategies. The results indicate that the majority of respondents have power over their o

The claim that development interventions targeted at people at the grassroots are poverty alleviation focused is backed by empirical studies. Microfinance has been praised as a strong method for alleviating poverty. The impact of microfinance on grassroots development cannot be overstated because poverty alleviation is rooted in grassroots development. Microfinance is defined as the long-term provision of financial and non-financial services to the poor. Microcredit, savings, microinsurance, money transfer services, and business advisory services are examples of microfinance services. The crucial role of the SME subsector in grassroots development is also relevant in this regard. This is despite the fact that the active poor are those who run micro, small, and medium businesses at the grassroots level. The impact of microfinance on grassroots development was investigated using SMEs in the Kwabre East District of Ghana's Ashanti Region as a case study. Theoretical and empirical lite

In Ghana's microfinance industry, credit unions play a critical role. They are not only well-established in financial intermediation, but they also give their members better terms and conditions on financial products and services than banks and other financial institutions. Credit unions give their members the ability to access loan facilities at a lower interest rate and with more favourable terms and conditions, such as flexible repayment terms, than banks and other financial institutions. The prevalence of loan defaults or non-performing loans has put Credit Unions' long-term stability in jeopardy. In Credit Unions, diagnosing the causes of loan defaults has become crucial to successful credit risk management practises. The analysis was focused on primary data. 244 Credit Union participants were selected using a targeted sampling methodology. Data was obtained using questionnaires, and a logistic regression model was used. For data analysis, the research used Statistical Pro

The internal consistency of GDP's three component indicators: household consumption, company and household expenditure, and government spending, has not been examined. The internal consistency of these measures in the world's two largest economies is identified in this chapter, as is their near-perfect prediction of the United Nations' Human Development Index (HDI). Thus, without survey sampling, questionnaire questioning, probabilistic inference, or significance checking, HDI can be computed using only American and Chinese GDPs. Author (s) Details Gordon Bechtel Warrington College of Business, University of Florida Gainesville, Gainesville FL 32611-7150, USA. View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/IEAM-V6/issue/view/40

The object of this note is to quantify the impact of an extra-costs payment on a consumer instalment credit's Effective Annual Interest Rate (EAR). We demonstrate the EAR can be approximated by adding an extra-costs rate addendum to the credit rate. The Macaulay length of the extra-costs payments decides the above addendum. Author (s) Details Luisa Tibiletti Department of Management, University of Torino, Italy. Mariacristina Uberti Department of Management, School of Management and Economics, University of Torino, Torino, Italy. View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/IEAM-V6/issue/view/40

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