Novel Alkylating Derivatives of Chloramphenicol Suitable for Topical Treatment of Dermal Neoplasms| Chapter: 3 | Modern Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 1

Aims: To evaluate the efficacy of two alkylating structural analogues of chloramphenicol that have potential for application for treatment of dermal sited neoplasms.

Study Design: Two compounds have been shown to alkylate guanosine-5’-diphosphate (GDP) at physiological conditions. These same compounds are evaluated for dermal penetration based on Kp and compared to other alkylating agents applied for treatment of skin cancer.

Placeand Duration of Study: University of Nebraska, Omaha Nebraska from December 2013 to May 2014 and March to August of 2002.

Methodology: Two analogues of chloramphenicol were synthesized and shown to alkylate GDP at pH 7.4 and 37ºC. Various pharmacologicalproperties of these two analogues, such as Log P, molecular weight, polar surface area, etc, were determined and compared. The dermal permeability coefficient Kp was determined for two analogues based on their molecular weight and partition coefficient Log P. The numerical values of Kp were used to prediction of the distance each analogue is expected to travel in penetration of a dermal barrier. Result was plotted and compared to the anticancer agent’s carmustine, mustargen, and 5-fluorouracil. Evaluationof the analogues included findings of previous studies.

Results: Two analogues of chloramphenicol alkylate sites on GDP. The properties of compound 1 and compound 2 were determined and when compared to the parent structure chloramphenicol were found tohave favorable drug likeness. Values of Log P and permeability coefficient Kp for compounds 1 and 2 are; 3.343, 3.312, 0.00244 cm/hour, 0.000768 cm/hour, respectively. Values of Kp for both compound 1 and 2 were greater than that of chloramphenicol at 0.000131 cm/hour. Plots of skin penetration showed compounds 1 and 2 to be superior to 5-fluorouracil.

Conclusion: Analogues 1 and 2 were shown to have alkylation activity and properties suitable for drug likeness. Both compounds have high penetration ratesof dermal layers. The pharmaceutical properties of two structural analogues of the antibiotic chloramphenicol were determined and analyzed for potential of topical administration. Compound 1 and compound 2 were both shown in previous studies to alkylate guanosine-5’-diphosphate, amino acids, and p-chloroaniline. Both analogues 1 and 2 possess alkyl chloride substituents in place of hydroxyl groups found on chloramphenicol. Dermal permeability coefficient Kp of analogue 1 (0.00244 cm/hour) is greater than Kp for carmustine, Mustargen, and 5-fluorouracil. Analogue 2 value of Kp (0.000768 cm/hour) is greater than Kp for anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil. The diffusion coefficient D for analogue 1 and 2 are competitive with those of carmustine, Mustargen, and 5-fluorouracil. Aqueous solubility of analogues 1 and 2 are considerably lower than for chloramphenicol, which is consistent with the much larger Log P values for 1 and 2. Plots of distance traveled, based on their values of Kp, showed that compound 1 moves further than carmustine, Mustargen, and 5-fluorouracil. Compound 2 still travels further than chloramphenicol and anticancer agent 5-fluorouracil. These results strongly support the potential of compound 1 and 2 as effective topical agents in treatment of skin neoplasms and mycosis fungoides.

Biography of author(s)

Ronald Bartzatt

University of Nebraska, Durham Science Center, Department of Chemistry, 6001 Dodge Street, Omaha, NE 68182, USA.

Read full article: http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/view/47/231/396-1

View volume: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mapr/v1

A Prospective Study about Safety and Efficacy of Perioperative Lidocaine Infusion | Chapter 09 | New Horizons in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 8

Opioids cause clinically significant side effects such as respiratory depression, immunosuppression, muscle rigidity, negative inotropism, nausea, vomiting, hyperalgesia, urine retention, postoperative ileus, and drowsiness. Perioperative opioids are a major contributor to the United States' and other countries' opioid epidemics. Non-opioid analgesics, particularly lidocaine, are becoming more common for perioperative use as a result of this. A total of 185 adult patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups: control group I (105 patients) [fentanyl group] or group ii (80 patients) [opioid-free anaesthesia group]. Lidocaine 1.5 mg/kg bolus followed by 1.5 mg/kg/h infusion intraoperatively, and 1.5-2 mg/kg/h infusion for 2-8 hours postoperatively were given to patients in both groups at anaesthetic induction. Intraoperatively, both groups received analgesic adjuvants such as diclofenac 75 mg, paracetamol 1 gm, and mgso4 30-50 mg/kg. If the mean arterial pressure (map)

A Brief Study of Middleware Technologies: Programming Applications and Management Systems | Chapter 15 | Novel Research Aspects in Mathematical and Computer Science Vol. 1

Many platforms, services, applications, hardware, and operating systems are connected through the middleware layer. Because the middleware layer abstracts much low-level complexity and makes applications and software systems portable, it allows disparate systems to interface and function together in harmony. Middleware technologies enable software engineers to swiftly construct software systems and applications, allowing developers to focus on more important tasks. This chapter examines several types of middleware systems and discusses middleware capabilities, middleware operation, middleware's function in cloud-based systems, and the best middleware platforms to use. Middleware systems are widely utilised and can be found in practically any software system or application. Middleware programmes provide as a link between many sorts of systems and protocols. They serve as a mechanism for various systems. To successfully exchange information, it runs on a variety of operating system

Patients’ Perspective of Acute Post-operative Pain Management: A Multicentre Survey of Tertiary Hospitals in Maharashtra, India | Chapter 08 | New Horizons in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 8

When postoperative pain is adequately controlled, patients' satisfaction and patient-related outcomes (PROs) increase. Understanding the patients' perspective is crucial since it supports in the formulation of improvement strategies. Because wrong attitudes and assumptions might block pain alleviation, patients' attitudes and beliefs are critical. As a result, a multicenter study of patients' attitudes, beliefs, experiences, and satisfaction levels with acute postoperative pain management was done in Maharashtra's tertiary hospitals. In addition, the responses were examined to evaluate if the Acute Pain Service (APS) resulted in improved patient outcomes and satisfaction. A 13-item questionnaire adapted from previous studies was used to capture patients' experiences with postoperative pain treatment. The responses of 179 patients are included in the study. The findings revealed that 91.6 percent of patients experienced postoperative pain, with 75.5 percent

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