Novel and Emerging Biomarkers for Cardiovascular Risk Stratification: Role of Inflammatory and Other Biomarkers | Chapter 09 | Advances in Applied Science and Technology Vol. 4
Apart from the use of cardiac biomarker
for diagnosing and monitoring Acute ischemic disease, an acute myocardial
infarction (AMI) and
Heart failure, the
same biomarkers can
also be used
for predicting the chances
of suffering from these diseases in future. In a way these can be used
as screening biomarkers. Since the biomarkers, which are intracellular
biomolecules, are released in to the peripheral circulation from necrosis of
myocytes. Lipids and lipoproteins do have high
value in assessing the risk
of future cardiac
disease, but are
not produced by
the heart and
don't directly reflect the
status of the
heart, rather they
simply provide a
measurement of future
risk of atherosclerosis. Cardiac
biomarkers on the other hand can also provide or help in assesing the extent of
damage that has been caused to the myocardium because of their specificity and
rapid release or increase in the peripheral blood post injury to the
myocardium, as well as their presence in plasma in low concentrations normally.
Hence other than
the classic cardiovascular risk markers like LDL-C, HDL-C, and
triglycerides, presence in abnormal amounts of the emerging markers like
apolipoprotein A1/apolipoprotein B100, Lp(a), oxidized LDL, LpPLA2,hsCRP,
homocysteine, myeloperoxidase and as
well as lipoprotein
particle size and
concentration can indicate,
as well as
predict myocardial stress more accurately. The probability of developing
a cardiac disease is higher if a particular risk marker is in abnormal amounts.
Inflammatory markers predict MI and death. Some others predict the risk of
acute coronary syndrome, incident and
recurrent cardiovascular events.
All the merging biomarkers have all been well
validated to predict death and heart failure following a MI and provide risk
stratification information for heart failure. Rapidly developing new areas, such
as assessment of micro-RNA, are also explored.
All the biomarkers reflect different aspects of the development
of atherosclerosis. This, in no way means that the individual is certain
to develop cardiac disease but is most likely to get the disease.
Author(s) Details
Dr. Sharique Ahmed
MLS Program, Allied Health
Department, College of Health Sicences, University of Bahrain, Kingdom of
Bahrain.
Mohammed Abbas
Assistant Professor of
Medical Laboratory Sciences (hematology and immunohematology), Medical
Laboratory sciences Program, Allied Health Division, College of Health
Sciences, University of Bahrain.
Dr. Naeem Anwar
MLS Program, Allied Health
Department, College of Health Sicences, University of Bahrain, Kingdom of
Bahrain.
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