Effect of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Ocimum gratissimum on Antiretroviral Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats | Chapter 13 | Recent Advances in Biological Research Vol. 4

Aim: Hepatotoxicity, among other adverse effects, constitutes one of the greatest impediments to successful antiretroviral drug therapy (ART) in HIV/AIDS patients. The main objective of the study was to determine if the aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum has a protective effect on ART-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

Place and Duration: Department of Pharmacology, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu University, Nigeria (six months duration).

Methodology: Twenty five (25) albino rats of both sexes were divided into 5 groups of 5 each and treated as follows: Group A (no antiretroviral drugs, no extract); group B (antiretroviral drugs alone); group C (extract alone); group D (antiretroviral drug plus 40 mg/kg extract); group E (antiretroviral drug plus 80 mg/kg extract). All treatment lasted for twenty eight days. Blood samples were collected and serum alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) determined using UV-spectrophotometer. Thereafter, the animals were sacrificed and their livers harvested and examined histologically. The mean (± S.E.M) of data were calculated and further analyzed for statistical significance using graph Pad Prism 5.0.

Results: Mean serum ALT were 35.6±6.4, 54.0±9.4, 53.8±22.9, 90.5±21.9, 86.5±13.9 and that of AST were 143.8±19.7, 205.2±14.9, 58.0±27.9, 162.3±41.4, 150.5±44.8 for groups A, B, C, D, and E respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the mean values of serum AST for group B and those for group C (p value of 0.016). However there was no statistically significant difference between the ALT values for the test and control groups of rats (p value > 0.999). Also, there was no statistically significant difference between the mean values of AST for group B and those of groups A, D, E (p value = 0.659). The histology report for the liver was normal for all groups.

Conclusions: This extract did not produce significant reduction of serum ALT and AST in ART-treated rats in this study However, this reduction in serum aminotransferases was not observed in the groups that received antiretroviral drugs plus the extract. These statistical findings show that there was no statistically significant difference in serum ALT and AST between the exposed and control groups (p > 0.05). Consequently, the null hypothesis was accepted and the alternative hypothesis rejected. Therefore, it could be concluded that at the doses of ART and extract and length of exposure used in this study, aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum did not reduce the serum level of ALT and AST in rats.

Author(s) Details

Associate Professor Peter Ughachukwu

Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Nigeria.

Emeritus Professor Paul Okonkwo

Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Nigeria.

Dr. Cornelius Nwozor

Department of Human Physiology, College of Medicine, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Nigeria.

Dr. Joseph Okafor

Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Nigeria.

Dr. Mrs. Ifeyinwa Nwafia

Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Nigeria.

Read full article: http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/view/58/638/517-1

View Volume: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rabr/v4

A Prospective Study about Safety and Efficacy of Perioperative Lidocaine Infusion | Chapter 09 | New Horizons in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 8

Opioids cause clinically significant side effects such as respiratory depression, immunosuppression, muscle rigidity, negative inotropism, nausea, vomiting, hyperalgesia, urine retention, postoperative ileus, and drowsiness. Perioperative opioids are a major contributor to the United States' and other countries' opioid epidemics. Non-opioid analgesics, particularly lidocaine, are becoming more common for perioperative use as a result of this. A total of 185 adult patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups: control group I (105 patients) [fentanyl group] or group ii (80 patients) [opioid-free anaesthesia group]. Lidocaine 1.5 mg/kg bolus followed by 1.5 mg/kg/h infusion intraoperatively, and 1.5-2 mg/kg/h infusion for 2-8 hours postoperatively were given to patients in both groups at anaesthetic induction. Intraoperatively, both groups received analgesic adjuvants such as diclofenac 75 mg, paracetamol 1 gm, and mgso4 30-50 mg/kg. If the mean arterial pressure (map)

A Brief Study of Middleware Technologies: Programming Applications and Management Systems | Chapter 15 | Novel Research Aspects in Mathematical and Computer Science Vol. 1

Many platforms, services, applications, hardware, and operating systems are connected through the middleware layer. Because the middleware layer abstracts much low-level complexity and makes applications and software systems portable, it allows disparate systems to interface and function together in harmony. Middleware technologies enable software engineers to swiftly construct software systems and applications, allowing developers to focus on more important tasks. This chapter examines several types of middleware systems and discusses middleware capabilities, middleware operation, middleware's function in cloud-based systems, and the best middleware platforms to use. Middleware systems are widely utilised and can be found in practically any software system or application. Middleware programmes provide as a link between many sorts of systems and protocols. They serve as a mechanism for various systems. To successfully exchange information, it runs on a variety of operating system

Patients’ Perspective of Acute Post-operative Pain Management: A Multicentre Survey of Tertiary Hospitals in Maharashtra, India | Chapter 08 | New Horizons in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 8

When postoperative pain is adequately controlled, patients' satisfaction and patient-related outcomes (PROs) increase. Understanding the patients' perspective is crucial since it supports in the formulation of improvement strategies. Because wrong attitudes and assumptions might block pain alleviation, patients' attitudes and beliefs are critical. As a result, a multicenter study of patients' attitudes, beliefs, experiences, and satisfaction levels with acute postoperative pain management was done in Maharashtra's tertiary hospitals. In addition, the responses were examined to evaluate if the Acute Pain Service (APS) resulted in improved patient outcomes and satisfaction. A 13-item questionnaire adapted from previous studies was used to capture patients' experiences with postoperative pain treatment. The responses of 179 patients are included in the study. The findings revealed that 91.6 percent of patients experienced postoperative pain, with 75.5 percent

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