Dairy Calcium Intake and Relationship to Bone Mineral Density (BMD), Bone Mineral Content (BMC) and Leptin in Post- Menopausal Women | Chapter 05 | Current Trends in Food Science Vol. 1
Previous research has demonstrated that
dairy calcium along with calorie restriction can contribute to weight loss
while maintaining BMC and BMD. This study was a 3-month demonstration of a
culturally sensitive program to evaluate the effects of dairy calcium.
Caloric intake was limited to 1400 kcal/d [@
92%
of resting energy expenditure]. A total of 56 female subjects were randomized
into two equal groups receiving either low dairy calcium ~800 mg/d or high
dairy calcium ~1400 mg/d intake. The age and body mass index (BMI) at baseline
for the low calcium group was 54.46±7.39 years, 32.5±6.6 kg/m2
respectively; and the high calcium group was 56.75± 8.90 years, 33.5±5.8 kg/m2
respectively. Differences after 3 months in weight, BMI, leptin, BMD and BMC
were analyzed. Correlations were calculated between leptin and BMD (g/cm2)
or BMC (g) before and after intervention. After the intervention in the high
calcium group there was an average reduction in weight -1.52±2.08 (kg),
(P=0.001); BMI: -0.70±0.86 kg/m2, (p<0.001); leptin: -1.18±5.10
ng/ml, (P =0.231) BMC: -0.009±1.41, (p=0.975) and BMD: 0.001±.017, (p=0.684). Despite
a greater reduction in leptin levels in the low calcium group, changes in all
parameters were not different from changes in the low calcium group with an
average reduction in weight of -1.93±3.04 (kg), (p=0.002); BMI: -0.74±1.2 kg/m2,
(P=0.002); leptin: -2.58±8.38 ng/ml, (P=0.114), BMC: 0.038±1.38, (P=0.887) and
BMD: <0.001±.022, (P=0.912). The decrease in leptin level was not correlated
with BMD and BMC in both intervention groups (all P>0.05). We observed a significant
treatment effect only for leptin where the low calcium group had a bigger
reduction compared to the high calcium group.
There was no significant correlation between the change in leptin, BMC
and BMD. After the intervention, there was significant reduction in weight,
BMI, and leptin in both intervention groups and a non-significant increase in
BMC and BMD. There was no correlation between leptin, BMC and BMD. We should
take note that this study had a limited sample size and short follow-up period.
Nonetheless, based on these findings, we would suggest, that since
postmenopausal women have age related bone loss, in addition to a restricted
calorie diet (i.e. 1400 kcal/day), the inclusion of increased ≥ 4 servings of
low fat dairy to one’s diet for weight management.
Author(s) Details
Dina H. Fakhrawi
Center for Nutrition,
Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda
W. Lawrence Beeson
Center for Nutrition,
Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda
University, California, USA.
Center for Health
Disparities and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University,
California, USA.
Raeida G. Nakhoul
Center for Nutrition,
Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda
T. Allan Darnell
School of Medicine, Loma
Linda University, California, USA.
Zaida R. Cordero-MacIntyre
Center for Nutrition,
Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda
University, California, USA.
Center for Health
Disparities and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University,
California, USA.
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