Skip to main content

In vitro and ex vivo Studies of Nonionic Surfactant Vesicles Using 23 Factorial Design: Metoprolol Tartrate Used as Model Drug | Chapter 04 | Modern Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 2

The purpose of this study was to formulate and investigate metoprolol tartrate (MT) loaded non-ionic surfactant vesicles using 23 factorial designs. Preparation of niosomal drug delivery of MT increased its bioavailability which led to being better therapeutic effects, reduced the frequency of dosing and decreased side effects of hypertensive patients. Ether injection method (EIM) and thin film hydration method (TFHM) were used for the preparation of all formulations as per full factorial design to study the effect of two independent variables X1 (amount of span-60), and X2 (amount of cholesterol) on three dependent variable Y1 (percent drug entrapment efficiency), Y2 (percent drug content) and Y3 (percent cumulative drug release) respectively. The relation between the dependent and independent variables was drawn out from the mathematical equation and response surface methodology (RSM). Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA. Microscopic observation confirmed that all particles were uniform in size and shape. The particle size of niosomes measured by SEM was between 3 μm to 4.5 μm that given the evidence of large uni-lamellar vesicles formed by EIM and TFHM. The percent drug entrapment efficiency was found to be highest for formulations MTEIM-8 and MTTFHM-8 with values 97.11% and 95.56% respectively. In vitro dissolution studies were carried out in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) for 8 hours at 100 rpm and maintained at 37 ± 0.5°C according to USP-II paddle method and absorbance was taken at 226 nm. The probable drug release mechanism may be fickian (class I) diffusion as the correlation coefficient (𝑅2) best fitted with zero order and release exponent (n) was less than 0.43.  The FTIR studies have been done to confirm no interaction along with drug and polymer. In vitro and ex vivo comparative studies showed that non-ionic surfactant vesicle had controlled the release of drug for a longer period. Finally, it can be concluded that non-ionic surfactant vesicle could be an effective for delivery of MT with increased bioavailability.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Irin Dewan
Pharmaceutical Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, 74/A, Green Road, Farmgate, Dhaka - 1215, Bangladesh.

Prof. Dr. S. M. Ashraful Islam
Pharmaceutical Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, 74/A, Green Road, Farmgate, Dhaka - 1215, Bangladesh.

Prof. Dr. Swarnali Islam Khandaker
Pharmaceutical Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, 74/A, Green Road, Farmgate, Dhaka - 1215, Bangladesh.

Waheeda Nasreen
Pharmaceutical Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, 74/A, Green Road, Farmgate, Dhaka - 1215, Bangladesh.

Ohinul Hoque
Pharmaceutical Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, 74/A, Green Road, Farmgate, Dhaka - 1215, Bangladesh.

View Volume: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mapr/v2

Comments

Popular posts from this blog

Greening Regional Airports: A Vision for Carbon Neutral Infrastructure | Chapter 12 | Contemporary Perspective on Science, Technology and Research Vol. 3

 This study provides an overview of the energy demand of a regional airport, divided into individual time horizons. The electrification of aircraft systems raises the question of whether airports will be among the largest electricity consumers in our infrastructure in the future. Sustainability and especially emission reductions are significant challenges for airports that are currently being addressed. The Clean Sky 2 project GENESIS addresses the environmental sustainability of hybrid-electric 50-passenger aircraft systems in a life cycle perspective to support the development of a technology roadmap for the transition to sustainable and competitive electric aircraft systems. This article originates from the GENESIS research and describes various options for ground power supply at a regional airport. Potential solutions for airport infrastructure with a short (2030), medium (2040), and long (2050) time horizon are proposed. In addition to the environmental and conservation benefi...

Occipital Dermal Sinus Tract Causing Craniospinal Infection: A Review | Chapter 13 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 4

  Dermal sinus is a rare congenital condition characterized by a pathological tract connecting the skin to deeper tissues of the central nervous system, potentially leading to severe infectious complications. It arises from a failure in the separation of ectodermal layers during early gestation. Diagnosing dermal sinus tract in newborns requires a careful physical examination, focusing on midline dimples in the occipital region associated with cutaneous abnormalities like hairy nevus or hyperpigmentation. The presence of drainage, abnormal hair distribution, or localized swelling may indicate a sinus tract. Regular examination for dimples or sinuses is recommended for infants and children with recurrent meningitis or infections. Early detection is crucial to prevent severe complications like meningitis, with Staphylococcus aureus being a common causative organism. Neuroradiological studies, including computed tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with histopath...

Alkali Element Modification of Glucose Molecules as a Method to Dissolve Cancer Cells | Chapter 12 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 4

  The present study highlights about alkali element modification of glucose molecules as a method to dissolve cancer cells. The central regulation of the mechanisms governing cell proliferation has little effect on cancer cells. Cancer cells are entirely independent of the central command and divide and proliferate on their own, making it challenging to activate their response mechanism. Precisely, this is the reason why they are at risk to the health of humans and/or any biological entities. Instead of trying to reconnect the central command of the growth control mechanism to cancer cells that are already out of the range, we present a method of using the cancer cell’s own irresponsive and uncontrolled growth mechanism to their disadvantage and destroy the cancer cells. We found that this is achievable in an atomic/molecular level study of the glucose molecule, which is the primary food source used for growth and energy generation by all cells in the body, including the cancer cel...