Heavy Metals in Fruits and Juice of Elstar Apple Variety | Chapter 05 | New Perspectives in Agriculture and Crop Science Vol. 1
The goal of the research was to
determine the concentration of lead, copper, cadmium, zinc and iron in the soil
of different pH, the degree of contamination in the intensive production of
Elstar apples, as well as the impact of soil contamination on the concentration
of heavy metals in fruits and apple juice. The stationary research was
conducted during 2014-2015 in the fruit nursery Špionica near Srebrenik (Bosnia
and Herzegovina).
Along with the standard
agro-technology, acidification and calcification of soil were applied, as well
as the simulation of soil contamination with heavy metals, on the experimental
plot of apple plantations. The concentrations of heavy metals in the soil,
fruits and apple juice were measured on an atomic absorption spectrophotometer
(Analyst 200) and inductively coupled plasma by optical emission method ICP-OES
(Optima 2100 DV) and by standard analytical methods. In tilted layer of soil in
the width of the treetop, the heavy metal concentration ranged from 9.60mg/kg
for lead, 26.76mg/kg for copper, 34.23 mg/kg zinc and 17852.00 mg/kg for iron.
There was no cadmium. After zero soil sample analysis the acidity of sample
soil were increased or decreased with ammonium sulfate, i.e. acidification (1.2
kg per apple tree) and with lime, i.e. calcification (3.2 kg per apple tree)
and treated with solution of each metal in an amount of 800 mL per tree (10 mL
of pure solution mixed with 10 L of distilled water). In soil samples where the
acidification were done average
concentration of heavy metals were: lead 12.70 mg/kg, copper 36.97 mg/kg, zinc
61.03 mg/kg and iron 24.00 mg/kg. In soil sample where the calcification were
done average concentration of heavy metals were: lead 13.87 mg/kg, copper 38.50
mg/kg, zinc 65.03 mg/kg and iron 26193.00 mg/kg. In Elstar apples grown on
demonstration plot, the highest was iron content with an average of 15 mg/kg.
The content of zinc ranged from 2.36 to 4.40 mg / kg, with an average copper
content of about 0.70 mg / kg while the lead content was 0.41-0.70 mg/kg. In
juice, produced from the Elstar apples grown on the basic soil copper content
was highest 0.668 mg/kg and that is the highest value recorded from all the
values in the juice in general. The concentrations of these heavy metals in the
soil before the experiment were below the maximum allowable concentration (MAC)
for powdery-loamy soil. After acidification, calcification as well as
simulation of soil contamination with heavy metals, there was a noticeable
increase in the concentration of heavy metals in the soil, but after experiment
concentrations of heavy metals in fruits and apple juice were very low, far
below MAC. This research has shown that even with heavy metals in the soil
there is no risk to consumers health to consume such fruits and products
because coefficient of heavy metal transfer from the soil to the fruits is very
low, below the limit values.
Author(s) Details
Emir
Imširović
Tehnološki
Fakultet Tuzla, Univerzitetska 8, 75000 Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Besim
Salkić
Tehnološki
Fakultet Tuzla, Univerzitetska 8, 75000 Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Husejin
Keran
Tehnološki
Fakultet Tuzla, Univerzitetska 8, 75000 Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Ensar
Salkić
Tehnološki
Fakultet Tuzla, Univerzitetska 8, 75000 Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Ahmed
Salkić
Tehnološki
Fakultet Tuzla, Univerzitetska 8, 75000 Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Sead
Noćajević
Tehnološki
Fakultet Tuzla, Univerzitetska 8, 75000 Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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