Control of Huanglongbing (HLB) Disease with Reference to Its Occurrence in Citrus Industry in the World | Chapter 10 | Advances and Trends in Biotechnology and Genetics Vol. 3
Huanglongbing (HLB) disease is one of
the most severe diseases of citrus plantation all over the world. HLB has
destroyed an estimated 60 million citrus trees in Africa and Asia and more than
40 countries were infected by HLB in Africa, Asia and USA, The HLB pathogens are
highly fastidious phloem-inhabiting bacteria in the genus Candidatus
liberibacter. The isolate from South Africa, Candidatus liberibacter africanus
is considered heat-sensitive and only found in Africa regions. The isolate from
Asia, Candidatus liberibacter asiaticus is the most severe strain and
widespread. This strain is heat-tolerant and can show the disease symptoms in
humid, cool and hot temperature (up to 35°C). The isolate from America has been
named Candidatus liberibacter americanus and it was detected in Brazil and
Florida. Current disease management strategies focus on vector control to avoid
infection within the farm or management of infected trees to eliminate source
of inoculum. For the Malaysia case, integrated pest management (IPM) is highly
recommended to be adopted to control the disease. The successes of individual
or combined approaches depend upon on the infestation level, knowledge and
regulation. Basically, in the regions where disease incidence is low, the most
common practices are removal of symptomatic trees, intensive monitoring,
pesticides application and biological control of the vectors. Preventive and
curative measures of infected trees includes enhanced nutrition and plant
hormone application by foliar sprays, regulating soil pH, precision irrigation
based on the needs of HLB-affected trees. In reality, effective disease control
of HLB is still difficult, especially in the area where the disease is
widespread, vectors are well established and the hosts are susceptible. In this
article, possible HLB disease management approaches are discussed.
Author(s) Details
Dr. Hajivand Shokrollah
Horticultural Science
Research Institute (HSRI), Mahdasht Road, Hemmat St. Karaj, Alborz Province,
Iran.
Khairulmazmi Ahmad
Department of Plant
Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang,
Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
Institute of Plantation
Studies (IKP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan,
Malaysia.
Kamaruzaman Sijam
Department of Plant
Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang,
Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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