Spatial Distribution of Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir. Natural Stands in the Sudanian and Sudano-Guinean Zones of West Africa: Gradient Distribution and Productivity Variation across the Five Ecological Zones of Togo | Chapter 07 | Advances in Agriculture and Fisheries Research Vol. 1

Aims: This study aims to analyze the structure of some populations and the natural regeneration potentials of Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir. According to the environmental conditions, taking into account the 5 ecological zones of Togo. Especially, it aims to: (i) Describe the geographical distribution of the species in Togo, (ii) Analyze the influence of environmental variables (climates, soils and type of vegetation) on the structural characteristics of natural stands and (iii) Determine the natural regeneration potentialities of the species.

Place and Duration of Study: Fieldworks were done from 10 October to 15 December 2013 throughout Togo.

Methodology: Forestry inventory was carried out on 200 plots of 1000 m2 randomly set up in P. erinaceus natural stands in the 5 ecological zones of Togo. In each plot, total height, the merchantable height and diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 10 cm were measured. The regeneration was studied in sub-parcels of 25 m2 set up in the previous parcels of 1000 m2. In these sub-parcels, the natural seedlings, coppices, sucker which the DBH is less or equal to 10 cm were counted. The geographic coordinates of each tree are registered with the GPS.

Results: The results show that P. erinaceus had a wide distribution and tolerance range in Togo. Trees populations' average density is between 57±23 N/Ha and 76.5±42 N/Ha. The average diameter, the average total height, the basal area are significantly different for the stands of the 5 ecological zones (P= 0, 00). Diameter distribution indicates a reversed-J in ecological zones 2, 4 and 5 i.e. dominated by small diameters structure of P. erinaceus (Poir.) and unimodal distribution in zones 1 and 3. The study shows that a seedling which is the main strategy of regeneration is not significantly different between the stands studied. Results also show a good natural regeneration capacity of P. erinaceus by a coppice.

Conclusion: This study enables to describe the main characteristics of the natural stands of P. erinaceus in Togo and constitute therefore a useful source of information for the management of natural stands notably that of P. erinaceus.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Kossi Novinyo Segla

Laboratory of Forest Research, Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lomé, P.O.Box. 1515, Lomé, Togo.

Dr. Kossi Adjonou

Laboratory of Forest Research, Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lomé, P.O.Box. 1515, Lomé, Togo.

Dr. Habou Rabiou

Faculty of Agronomy Sciences, University of Diffa, B.P. 465 Diffa, Niger.

Professor Abdou Raoufou Radji

Laboratory of Forest Research, Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lomé, P.O.Box. 1515, Lomé, Togo.

Professor Adzo Dzifa Kokutse

Laboratory of Forest Research, Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lomé, P.O.Box. 1515, Lomé, Togo.

Professor Babou André Bationo

Department of Environment and Forests (INERA/DEF), Institute of Environment and Agricultural Research, 04 BP 8645 Ouagadougou 04, Burkina Faso.

Professor Mahamane Ali

Faculty of Agronomy Sciences, University of Diffa, B.P. 465 Diffa, Niger.

Professor Christine A.I. Nougbodé Ouinsavi

Laboratory of Studies and Forest Research (LSFR), Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, Benin.

Professor Kouami Kokou

Laboratory of Forest Research, Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lomé, P.O.Box. 1515, Lomé, Togo.

View Volume: http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/138

A Prospective Study about Safety and Efficacy of Perioperative Lidocaine Infusion | Chapter 09 | New Horizons in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 8

Opioids cause clinically significant side effects such as respiratory depression, immunosuppression, muscle rigidity, negative inotropism, nausea, vomiting, hyperalgesia, urine retention, postoperative ileus, and drowsiness. Perioperative opioids are a major contributor to the United States' and other countries' opioid epidemics. Non-opioid analgesics, particularly lidocaine, are becoming more common for perioperative use as a result of this. A total of 185 adult patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups: control group I (105 patients) [fentanyl group] or group ii (80 patients) [opioid-free anaesthesia group]. Lidocaine 1.5 mg/kg bolus followed by 1.5 mg/kg/h infusion intraoperatively, and 1.5-2 mg/kg/h infusion for 2-8 hours postoperatively were given to patients in both groups at anaesthetic induction. Intraoperatively, both groups received analgesic adjuvants such as diclofenac 75 mg, paracetamol 1 gm, and mgso4 30-50 mg/kg. If the mean arterial pressure (map)

A Brief Study of Middleware Technologies: Programming Applications and Management Systems | Chapter 15 | Novel Research Aspects in Mathematical and Computer Science Vol. 1

Many platforms, services, applications, hardware, and operating systems are connected through the middleware layer. Because the middleware layer abstracts much low-level complexity and makes applications and software systems portable, it allows disparate systems to interface and function together in harmony. Middleware technologies enable software engineers to swiftly construct software systems and applications, allowing developers to focus on more important tasks. This chapter examines several types of middleware systems and discusses middleware capabilities, middleware operation, middleware's function in cloud-based systems, and the best middleware platforms to use. Middleware systems are widely utilised and can be found in practically any software system or application. Middleware programmes provide as a link between many sorts of systems and protocols. They serve as a mechanism for various systems. To successfully exchange information, it runs on a variety of operating system

Patients’ Perspective of Acute Post-operative Pain Management: A Multicentre Survey of Tertiary Hospitals in Maharashtra, India | Chapter 08 | New Horizons in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 8

When postoperative pain is adequately controlled, patients' satisfaction and patient-related outcomes (PROs) increase. Understanding the patients' perspective is crucial since it supports in the formulation of improvement strategies. Because wrong attitudes and assumptions might block pain alleviation, patients' attitudes and beliefs are critical. As a result, a multicenter study of patients' attitudes, beliefs, experiences, and satisfaction levels with acute postoperative pain management was done in Maharashtra's tertiary hospitals. In addition, the responses were examined to evaluate if the Acute Pain Service (APS) resulted in improved patient outcomes and satisfaction. A 13-item questionnaire adapted from previous studies was used to capture patients' experiences with postoperative pain treatment. The responses of 179 patients are included in the study. The findings revealed that 91.6 percent of patients experienced postoperative pain, with 75.5 percent

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