B P International

In this short note we give a nonstandard proof of the well-known result that any Lebesgue measurable function : ℝ → ℝ which satisfies the functional equation (+)=()+() is continuous.  Author(s) Details Grigore Ciurea  Department of Mathematics, Academy of Economic Studies, Piata Romana 6, Bucharest 010374, Romania. View Book : - http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/153

In this chapter some criteria for the oscillation of high order functional difference equation of the form ∆2(r(n)[∆(m−2)y (n)]α)+ q (n)f [y (g (n))] = 0, where ∞ ∑s =n0 r− 1 α (s) < ∞ and m > 1 is discussed. Examples are given to illustrate the results. Keywords: Functional difference equation; Nonlinear; non-oscillation; oscillation. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: 39A10. Author(s) Details S. Kaleeswari Department of Mathematics, Nallamuthu Gounder Mahalingam College, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. B. Selvaraj Department of Science and Humanities, Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, T. M. Palayam, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. View Book - http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/153

This chapter deals with the evaluation of some integrals involving error-, exponential- and algebraic functions with an objective to present explicit expressions for the second and third order correction terms in the approximation of the modified error function in the perturbation approach. Over and above an approximation of the desired modified error function has been developed in sinc basis. The accuracy in the approximation (perturbation method and sinc basis) have been compared with the approximate value available in the literature. Results obtained by perturbation approximation and scheme based on sinc basis seem to be useful in the study of Stefan problem. The results obtained here appear to be new and resolve the lack of desired monotonicity property in the results derived earlier e.g. by Ceretania et al. Author(s) Details Supriya Mandal Department of Mathematics, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan-731235, West Bengal, India. Debabrata Singh Department of Ma...

Cooperative (co-op) advertising is attracting more and more attention. This paper analyzes co-op advertising behavior based on a dual brands model with a single manufacturer and a single retailer and some interesting conclusions are achieved. Firstly, firm in the supply chain advertises both brands and the difference of advertising expenditure is not very large in equilibrium. Secondly, the retailer’s advertising and the manufacturer’s participation ratio depend on both the retailer’s and the manufacturer’s marginal profits. Thirdly, stimulating effect increases advertising investment while competition effect decreases it, but they have no effect on the manufacturer’s participation ratio. Fourthly, co-op advertising is more sensitive to the manufacturer’s marginal profits than that of the retailer. Lastly, total advertising investment and profit are greater under cooperative decision than under Stackelberg decision Author(s) Details You-Hua Chen  College of Economics and Mana...

In this paper the author(s) present derivations for the mean and variance of the nth power transformation of the error component of the multiplicative time series model. As a general rule to any power transformation. Some of the published transformations like the square root and the inverse were used to validate the results obtained. The results showed that they conformed to the general rule, Also the cube transformation equally used to establish a practical illustration of the general rule. Data from federal road safety commission (FRSC) Nigeria on road accident were collected and analyzed by fitting the regression line of log mean (logmean) against log standard deviation (logstdev). This gave a slope =0.666977 which agrees with the required value of 0.6666 this gives a transformation of 1-0.666977= 0.333023 (1-) which is the cube root transformation. Data were later decomposed into time series components. Recommendations on areas of application of cube root transformation were equa...

The Donfagsiteli conditional function ([Cdk]f) is a set of classes and families of mathematical functions which have been recently defined. [Cdk]f is related to a predefined function f in a way similar to that of a bijective function and its inverse . It is a generalization of both elementary and special functions. The function has many applications in pure and applied sciences, when makes it possible, to solve explicitly several models where as this is not possible with elementary and some special functions such as Lambert W functions. In this book chapter, definition and properties of Donfagsiteli conditional function, have been revisited with their extension to the conditional complex plan. Some transcendental equations and novel models were treated to solve certain problems in biology such as enzymatic kinetics and marginal value theorem. [Cdk]f is a tool to provide deeper insight and a new point of view when describing natural phenomena. Author(s) Details Nehemie Donfagsiteli Tc...

This chapter presents some derivative formulas of I-function of two variables involving general class of polynomials. The special cases of our derivatives yield interesting results. Author(s) Details Dr. Y. Pragathi Kumar   Department of Mathematics, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia. B. Satyanarayana   Department of Mathematics, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar – 522 510, Andhra Pradesh, India View Book - http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/153

The paper analyses non-uniform transmission lines terminated by nonlinear loads situated as follows: GC-loads are connected parallel and L-load is connected in series to them (Fig. 1). First, we formulate boundary conditions for a lossless transmission line system on the basis of the Kirchhoff’s law. Then, we reduce the mixed problem for the system in question to initial value problem for a neutral system on the boundary. We introduce an operator in a suitable function space whose fixed point is an оscillatory solution of the system on the boundary. The obtained conditions are easily verifiable. We demonstrate the advantages of our method in Numerical example. Author(s) Details Vasil G. Angelov   Department of Mathematics, University of Mining and Geology “St. I. Rilski”, 1700 Sofia, Bulgaria. View Book - http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/153

Successfully understanding of social media conversation growth, dissemination and extinction is a   challenging task that relies on identifying groups, group influence, diffusion models, forecast models, social dynamics and text analytics. In this problem, we concentrate on the description of a novel approach for identifying drivers of the direction and momentum of social conversations, including the spread of mood, sentiment and issues. The approach first groups potential drivers of conversation based on variability. The primary driver in each group is then selected. Finally, the relationship between the selected drivers and the topic outcome is calculated and displayed visually. This enables the quick identification of the form and structure of the conversation and allows us to predict momentum, direction, contagion risks, potential responses and interventions. There is a huge amount of data in the form of text available today in the internet across various channels – social m...

In this paper, we derive the approximation formulae for phase shifts of s-wave Schrödinger equation on introducing binomial potential function and then make their applications to study the fluctuations in the phase shift difference from the s-wave with respect to different values of the arbitrary parameter occurring in a given binomial potential function.   Author(s) Details Dr. Hemant Kumar Department of Mathematics, D. A-V. Postgraduate College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. Dr. Vimal Pratap Singh Department of Mathematics, U.I.E.T. Building C.S.J.M. University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. View Book :- http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/153

The aim of this article is to introduce a new definition for the Fourier transform. This new definition will be considered as one of the generalizations of the usual (classical) Fourier transform. We imploy the new Katugampola derivative  to obtain some properties of Katugampola Fourier transform, and find the relation between Katugampola Fourier transform and the usual Fourier transform. The inversion formula and the convolution theorem for Katugampola Fourier transform are considered. Author(s) Details Dr. Hemant Kumar Department of Mathematics, D. A-V. Postgraduate College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. Dr. Vimal Pratap Singh Department of Mathematics, U.I.E.T. Building C.S.J.M. University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. View Book - http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/153

Copper nanoparticles were synthesized by the reduction method using copper (II) sulfate with the reducing agent (ascorbic) acid in aqueous mandarin (Citrus reticulata) peel extract characterisation, and protective polyvinyl alcohol (PVA, Mw = 85000 g/mol). The morphology and structure of the synthesized copper nanoparticles ranged from 10 – 40 nm by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), transmission Electronic Microscope (TEM) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE – SEM). It can be controlled during synthesis by varying the reaction temperature, pH and relative ratio of copper sulfate to the surfactant. These synthesized copper nanoparticles were found to be effective in controlling the growth of pathogens viz. Corticium salmonicola and Phanerochaete salmon color. The antifungal activities of copper nanoparticles were enhanced by increasing their concentration and copper nanoparticles recorded higher events than those of copper sulfate. Author(s) Details Nguyen Thi Hieu ...

Therapeutic strategies using various preparations and their combinations with different mechanisms of action are gaining increasing attention. But the experiments are carried out in accordance with the work ethic on animals using anesthetics, which change the internal environment. We examined effect of urethane on rheological properties of erythrocytes in rats. Our results demonstrated negative effect resulting in worsens deformability and aggregability of the erythrocytes. Therefore studies on the effect of drugs to hematological parameters and blood rheology which were performed on urethane anesthetized animals, should be considered invalid and incorrect . Author(s) Details L. N. Katiukhin   Laboratory of Comparative Enzymes Biochemistry, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry,   St. Petersburg, Russia View Book: - http://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/151

Crude oil is one of the most important types of fossil fuel in the world. It is an economically important commodity that is massively used in different fields of industrial activities. The poor quality of crude oil is related to high sulfur content, which translates to lower profit margins and negatively impacts air quality standards. Polyaromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASHs) that exist in crude oil require an efficient reduction method to achieve a significant desulfurization level. Recently, biodesulfurization (BDS) is gaining greater attention attributed to its environmentally benign bioprocess; the possible benefits of BDS include lower capital and processing costs. Studies have reported that BDS is urgently needed for the desulfurization of recalcitrant organic sulfur than relative to a traditional approach, hydrodesulfurization (HDS). The establishment of commercial-scale bio-refining technology relies upon achieving major advancement in BDS, which concerning less expensive and ...

The aim of this research work is to explore the effect of flash pasteurisation (FP) and radio frequency (RF) treatment on enzyme activity, microbial activity and physicochemical properties of matured coconut water (MCW). The process conditions for FP were treatment temperature and time in combinations. The process conditions for RF treatment were different electrode position with constant current load 0.8 A. The results obtained from these treatments reveal that FP conditions had significant effect on inactivation of natural microbial flora, polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) activity. From the results it is observed that FP at 90°C for 10 minutes is better for complete enzyme and microbial inactivation than RF treated MCW. The result is also evident that PPO has higher thermal stability than POD. From observed results the study also concludes that, FP is a better option for enzyme and microbial inactivation but RF treatment was found superior for retaining physicochemical ...

Azo dyes are the most widely applied chemical dyes that have also raised great concerns for environmental contamination and human health issues. There has been an increased interest in discovering new novel bioremediation strategies to degrade azo dyes for environmental issues and also economic purposes. Azoreductase are key enzymes evolved in nature capable of degrading the azo dyes. As azoreductase enzyme is a key enzyme in degrading these azo dyes, they are good and potential candidates for industrial wastewater treatment and environmental restoration. The initial critical step of reduction of azo bond during the metabolism of azo dyes is catalysed by a group of NADH and FAD dependant enzyme called azoreductase. Although several azoreductase have been identified from microorganisms and partially characterized, very little is known about the structural basis of the substrate specificity and the nature of catalysis. Azoreductase enzyme of Pseudomonas putida has a wider broad spectru...

When making black garlic, lots of pungent gas was released from fresh garlic during processing of fresh garlic but no chemical constituents of gas was reported until now. Gas Chromatography was applied to clarify compounds included to keep health condition of workers. Three major constituents such as ammonia (17%), sulfide group (17%) and aldehyde group (66%) were identified in pungent gas. Bioactivity of garlic derived gas (volatile) was conducted against bacteria P. aerugionosa, B. natto, enterohemorrhgagic E. coli O157, MRSA and C. albicans. Antibacteria activity of garlic was the strongest to compared with reference samples of garlic, onion, horse radish, dokudami (Houttuyhia cordata), rubbed sage, whole clove and cinnamon by the petri dish cultivation method. Bacteria killing mechanisms of Thujopsis dolabrata (Hiba tree) oil and formalin chemical presented different appearance by scanning electron microscopic analysis, suggesting that bacteria killing actions are various depe...

Several properties of thiourea and its derivatives are reported in biological, electrochemical, photochemical and radio-protective fields. This article proposed the use of thiourea derivative in the field of dye wastewater management where the color of the dye was reduced by the application of Diethylthiourea (DETU). For this purpose basic dye methylene green (MG) was selected at laboratory scale to monitor its color reduction by the addition of DETU. It was observed that DETU reacts with methylene green (MG) and reduced it into leuco dye where it oxidized into smaller fragments like urea, nitrate and sulphate. The reaction was favorable in acidic condition. A direct relation in between oxidation of DETU and MG to the concentration of H+ ions was observed through typical kinetics in two acids like HCl and H2SO4. The second order kinetics with respect to HCl and the first order with respect to H2SO4 indicated the protonation of the dye leading to reduction. In alkaline medium, the de...

This study was focused on studying the genetic diversity among pasture grass cultivars using intersimple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers to determine their genetic background. Six grass cultivars were used in this study: two perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars (Aries and Quartet), two endophyte-free tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) cultivars (Fawn and K5666v) and two orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) cultivars (Tekapo and Niva). Analysis of the 15 selected ISSR primers among the six grass cultivars generated 77 bands, 66 (85.7%) of which were polymorphic. The two perennial ryegrasses cultivars (Aries and Quartet) were distinguished by a 600-bp amplification fragment produced by primer UBC807. The 500-bp amplification fragment was produced by primer UBC825, which was distinguished in Niva, but absent in Tekapo-orchard grass. Furthermore, Fawn-tall fescue was distinguished by a 400-bp amplification fragment produced by primer UBC825. The minimum genetic simila...

Aims: The present study was undertaken to explore the potentiality of in vitro micropropagation (by callus induction) of Ipomoea obscura(L.) Ker-Gawl (Convolvulaceae), a perennial herb. Method: Axenically grown cotyledonary leaves regenerated into profuse calli, in various combinations of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 2,4dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4 D) with benzylaminopurine (BAP). Microroots emerged from these calli when subjected to various combinations of NAA and BAP. Maximum number of root meristems and microroots were formed in 1.25 mg/L NAA with the combination of 0.5 mg/L BAP (1:4 v/v). Leaf, nodal and internodal segments as explants were cultured on MS media containing 2,4 D at 0.5, 1.25, 2.50, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/L, for callus induction. Only leaf tips initiated callogenesis with highest response at 10 mg/l 2,4 D and lowest with 0.5 mg/l 2.4 D. This is the first report of in vitro response of I. obscura.   Resul...

A true triacylglycerol lipase was detected in germinating sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seedlings associated to oleosomes. This enzyme that has not yet been identified was partially purified as shown by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE) (10%): Two protein bands, of 61 and 66 kDa, were isolated from the active lipase fraction. Polyclonal antibodies (PAbs) directed against each protein band were produced. Only PAbs against the 61 kDa protein band    (P-61) were able to inhibit the total lipolytic activity of our preparation. Hence, only the 61 kDa protein carries the sunflower lipase activity. The relationship between a pure porcine pancreatic lipase    and the P-61 purified sunflower lipolytic fraction was investigated, leading to the first evidence of             cross reaction between the porcine pancreatic lipase and the P-61 sunflower lipase fraction.These results are ...

Aims: The present study was undertaken to explore the potentiality of in vitro micropropagation (by callus induction) of Ipomoea obscura(L.) Ker-Gawl (Convolvulaceae), a perennial herb. Method: Axenically grown cotyledonary leaves regenerated into profuse calli, in various combinations of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 2,4dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4 D) with benzylaminopurine (BAP). Microroots emerged from these calli when subjected to various combinations of NAA and BAP. Maximum number of root meristems and microroots were formed in 1.25 mg/L NAA with the combination of 0.5 mg/L BAP (1:4 v/v). Leaf, nodal and internodal segments as explants were cultured on MS media containing 2,4 D at 0.5, 1.25, 2.50, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/L, for callus induction. Only leaf tips initiated callogenesis with highest response at 10 mg/l 2,4 D and lowest with 0.5 mg/l 2.4 D. This is the first report of in vitro response of I. obscura.   Resul...

Piper longum is a medicinal plant of great importance. The present work is to compare anticancerous, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of different explants (leaf and stem) of Piper longum in vivo and in vitro. The anticancerous activity was measured in terms of percentage cytotoxicity and the cell line used was leukemic cell line K562. Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, bacteria were used for determination of antibacterial activity. Solvent extracts were prepared from leaf and stem explants of Piper longum and their anticancerous, antibacterial and antioxidant activities were evaluated. Antioxidant activity was measured in terms of percentage (%) Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and percentage (%) 2,2– diphenyl 1-2-picryl hydrazy1 (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity. The aqueous Piper longum fruit extract and green synthesized silver nanoparticles showed powerful antioxidant properties in in vitro studies. The anticancerous, antibacterial and antioxida...

Bali cattle are native to Indonesia, with some superior properties such as high fertility, remarkable resistance to heat stress as well as to most diseases that lead Bali cattle are suitable for tropical regions such as Indonesia and may be for other tropical countries as well. Up to now studies have been focused on their main purpose as small beef cattle, in fact Bali cattle saliva has also shown potential as a source of biological material. This book chapter discusses the studies that have been carried out in the last five years regarding saliva of Bali cattle from proteomic and molecular aspects. From this discussion it is hoped that further thoughts will be born to explore the Bali cattle from other aspects. Hopefully the information is also useful to explore the benefits of saliva in other native animals besides Bali cattle.   Author(s) Details Sulaiman N. Depamede Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, University of Mataram, Jalan Ma...

Aims: This study was aimed at synthesizing and characterizing a biodiesel from Cameroon palm kernel oilseed. Study Design: Synthesis was carried out on purified kernel oil by trans-esterification using methanol in basic medium. Place and Duration of Study: Laboratory work was effectively carried out in the Department of Chemical Engineering (Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria) and at the Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company (K.R.P.C), Nigeria, in the early part of the year 2017. Methodology: Oil was extracted from Cameroon palm kernel seeds, which constitutes an agricultural industrial waste, by mechanical expression, was purified and analysed. Palm kernel oil (PKO) biodiesel was synthesised by trans-esterification in methanol with potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a base catalyst at the mass ratio PKO to methanol to KOH of 100:20:1. Results: The yield of optimised synthesis of biodiesel was 97%, with a useful by-product (glycerol) which has potential pharmaceutical, cosmetic and engi...

Background: Art is something that cannot be defined in mere words, but it's much understandable by any human being. With its wide scope increasing by days passing by, art requires a lot of thoughts, creative impulse and an imaginative skill. Art has its own unique and different reasons to be formed. Indian dance forms have evolved through time but still have their original essence with India being global since the trade policy of 1991, the concept of globalizing and art form has reached a new level. These chapters will discuss how the classical and folk dance forms have taken unique twists, modernized and appealing culture at the same time people being able to interact globally and the exchange of ideas. It’s a very wide concept. Advancement in technology, transportation and communication has lead to the growth of globalization. The growth of international trade, ideas, and cultures also increased due to increased interaction between nation, states and people. Conclusion: The bo...

This paper has coped with Environmental Sentences and Expressions (ESE). It aims at investigating the ability of translation students in translating the ESE at Jadara University in Jordan. Based on a practical study, a sample of 20 translation students was chosen randomly from the English Department, nine of them are urban, while eleven students are rural. For achieving the purpose of this paper and to collect data, a test of 25 environmental items was set up; the validity and the reliability were verified by a panel of judges at Jadara and Yarmouk Universities. Quantitatively, the researcher used SPSS to analyze data. Frequencies and percentages as a statistic method used to examine students’ ability in translating environmental terms and expressions. To know the differences between urban and rural students, T-test was used as another statistic method. The results of the study showed a poor level in translating environmental expressions. The results also revealed no significant d...

As teacher competencies and skills play a major role in their performance and thus the achievement of school and educational goals, teachers need to equip themselves with a variety of competencies to educate children who are potentially future leaders of the community. In this context, the present study aimed to find the correlation between each of the main dimensions of professional competencies and the main components of Teacher Development (TD) in elementary schools. The study designed an applied research and used a survey method. The statistical population includes all primary school teachers in Isfahan province (N = 1150). Using a multi stage and proportional cluster sampling method, the sample size was 94 teachers. Data were collected by studying literature, interviewing experts and a questionnaire. The data were analyzed using correlation test and Analytical Network Process (ANP) technique using SPSS and Super Decisions software. The results of the research show that the dime...

Discourse is an important tool discussing social relations in the discursive patterns. A well-designed discourse can easily dominate people and can construct their perceptions. Therefore, discourse is critical in the political world when one uses it to communicate ideas and visions to the people. Therefore, the present study aims to identify the elements of gender references, persuasive techniques and social interactions associated with political discourse of Hillary Clinton. The study has used the framework of conversation analysis for studying a total of three interviews and five debates of Hillary Clinton. The interviews and recording were extracted from YouTube and then transcribed and interpreted by converting them into text. The findings have revealed a significant   use of persuasive techniques and social interaction in Clinton’s political discourse. The results   also imply that using affiliation strategy, candidates can manipulate people. The study concludes that t...

The aims of the present study are to explore wrong English collocations made by some Indonesian English learners and to find out the causes of the wrong collocations. Twenty seven wrong English lexical collocations and nine wrong grammatical collocations collected from the students’ translation and writing assignments have been examined. After comparing the patterns of English collocations and the Indonesian collocations it is found out that the erroneous English collocations are attributed to four causes: (1) Learners’ lack of knowledge of collocation, (2) Differences of collocations between English and Bahasa Indonesia, (3) Learners’ low mastery of vocabulary and (4) Strong interferences of the learners’ native language. It is suggested that the students should be informed that collocation, like grammar, is one aspect of not only English but all other languages that should be learnt if they want their English sound natural and good command of vocabulary can contribute to the co...

Given the importance of sugar to humanity, clean cane production has become a source of concern for both academic and producers alike. Focusing on the largest producing and exporting countries of processed and refined sugarcane is the most appropriate means of understanding the concepts evolving around clean cane production. Climate change has not directly reduced the quantity of clean cane produced due to an increase in use of chemical products in farming for sugar cane, but has negatively affected the quality of output. Disease prevalence in harvested cane as well as high soil erosion from global warming have been key elements of the sudden decline in quality cane harvesting and processing. This decline in quality has not only reduce the amount of revenue accruable to farmers but with the consequence of future production prospect if improperly addressed. This study carried out a desk research methodology to review extant literature to identify contemporary issues that needs to be ...

This study traces evidence of reflection in teacher education and teaching practice by measuring reflection of pre-service teachers and experienced teachers and clarifying reflection-oriented reactions to possible confusions or problematic situations considering whether or not they are reflective practitioners. The data were collected from 514 volunteer pre-service teachers and 466 experienced teachers teaching science, math, English, Turkish and primary classes. Teacher Reflection Scale (TRS) [1] was used to collect data. In order to analyze the data and obtain descriptive statistics for the item results, SPSS 16.0 was employed. Statistical analyses gave evidence that pre-service primary teachers had a high mean of reflection. Under the light of the results gathered from data, experienced teachers did not attain higher reflection scores when compared to pre-service teachers. There is evidence that math teachers’ experiences in school settings might lead them to reflect on their pra...

This paper deals with caste system and its implication in contemporary India. It begins with the origin of caste, religious sanction and justification made by ancient Hindu scriptures. How the role of caste which was originally followed on the basis of function among people turned out to be a discriminating element of “Untouchability”. It highlights various factors influencing the stabilization and destabilization of caste in the lives of people. The only hope of the dehumanized people under caste discrimination rests in the constitution of India. Finally, it takes us to understand the process of Dalitization in India which gives future orientation to Dalit struggles. Certainly, their victory is found on the battle ground than visualizing it in the future. In this process at this juncture the political democracy of India is really at stake. Author(s) Details Selvin Raj Gnana Department of Anthropology, School of Social Sciences, University of Madras, India. View Book ...

Aims: Exploration of theoretical underpinnings of Teacher Performance Appraisal (TPA) in public schools in a phase with skeptical implementation of Teacher Performance Appraisal and Development system (TPADs) in Kenya. Place: Public schools in Kenya. Teacher Performance Appraisal in Kenya: This has evolved from haphazardly implemented individualized head teacher initiated activity to the current scenario whereby a uniform all inclusive guiding-tool, Teacher Appraisal and Development system, has been designed by Teachers Service Commission (TSC) for application in appraisal of teachers administered by head teachers in all public schools in Kenya. Theoretical underpinning of Teacher Performance Appraisal in Kenya: TPA, being a process of evaluating teacher job performance, is embedded in cognitive evaluation theory. However, the transition to TPADs is bedeviled with skepticism among teachers hence the value of engendering theory of change in its implementation to realize ser...

Decentralization has become an eminent discourse for boosting people’s participation in decision making. Arguably, one of the pillars to boost good governance. Nevertheless, various levels of governance, which have resulted from decentralisation by devolution have varied perspectives on rewards for the work they perform especially the lowest namely village and ward levels. The contestation is on who deserves to receive payment for the elected posts. There are diversified opinions on the matter. Some opine that councillors, deserve more pay for their exertion. On the other hand, some opine that village chairpersons deserve pay for their work. Some people opine that both councillors and village chairpersons deserve pay. Hence, the main objective of the study is to find out which cadre deserves more attention to payment between the ward councillor’s and village chairpersons. This is a case study design which focused on Hai district in Kilimanjaro. The literature has employed interview ...

Greenhouse gases retain heat in the atmosphere since they absorb most of the Earth's outgoing long wave infrared radiation. The energy trapping alters the radiative balance that, in turn, modifies weather patterns at a global scale, progressively increasing the natural greenhouse effect. Heat-trapping ability of some pollutants and primarily the carbon overload in the atmosphere as a result of human activities which have been protracted over a long period of time, has led to climate change and increase in global average temperature. In a long-term perspective, emission abatement from aviation sector has needed wide-ranging strategies. In this view an inventory of greenhouse gases can be a benchmark with regard to which to assess the reaching of quantitative targets of emissions reduction set at the political level, to develop control measures and to monitor human-influenced climate drivers over time. Based on the above, the article focuses on issues of air pollution generated...